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Accordingly, the experimental ferulic acid yield obtained at optimized conditions (90 min, 120 ☌ and 2% (w/v) NaOH concentration) was determined to be 46.17 mg/100 g BSG. The effect of extraction time (100, 120 and 140 min), temperature (60, 90, and 120 ☌), and alkali concentration (1, 2 and 3% (w/v) on the ferulic acid yield was optimized by the Box Behnken Design, using Response Surface Methodology. X-ray diffraction analysis of the raw and hydrolyzed BSG showed the evidence for a possible release of phenolic extractives. Brewery spent grain was initially treated with dilute sulphuric acid, and then subjected to alkaline hydrolysis using NaOH, prior to ferulic acid extraction and purification. This research aims at the utilization of an agro-industrial waste, the brewery spent grains (BSG) for the extraction of a natural antioxidant, the ferulic acid. This study can provide better insight into the efficient valorization of liquid and solid phases of sludge after pretreatment. Moreover, the solid fraction from all pretreated samples was further subjected to thermogravimetric analysis to estimate its potential for bioenergy from its higher heating value (HHV), which was found to be in the range of 10–11.82 MJ/kg. Thus, the alkali–thermal method could be used for efficient valorization of WAS. Soluble COD, carbohydrates, total nitrogen, and proteins estimated in the liquid phase were 5235 mg/L, 732 mg/L, 430 mg/L, and 2688 mg/L, respectively. solubilization of 9.6% and 17.2%, respectively. The most effective pretreatment to hydrolyze sludge was found to be the combined alkali–thermal (pH 12, 75 ☌) pretreatment method, leading to TS and vs. Concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and total nitrogen were also measured.

Effects of the pretreatments were investigated as a function of the solubilization of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In this study, the influence of different pretreatments (ultrasonication, chemical, thermal, and combined pretreatments) was explored for sludge solubilization. On the other hand, the biomass contained in WAS can be utilized as a valuable source of renewable carbon. Most of the conventional treatments of waste-activated sludge (WAS) are devoted to their minimization and destruction.